EGYPT AND SUDAN

EGYPT AND SUDAN

·         1922 treaty between Britain and Egypt assured egypts independence but Britain would control 4 areas: the security of imperial communications in Egypt(primarily the suez canal), the defence of Egypt against outside aggression(ensuring base rights for its military), the protection of forein interests and minorities(as enshrined in the extraterritorial rights of the capitulations), and the sudan.

·         Most poplar political party in Egypt was the wafd. Founded by Sa’d zaghlul.

·         August 26 1936 a new anglo-egyptian treaty was signed-the twenty year treaty. Recognized egypts soveinty and paved the way for entrance in the league of nations in 1937.

·         Egypt and Britain would rule sudan jointly.. sudan gained independence in 1956.

THE MANDATES

·         BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE TO SUBMIT REPORTS TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS OUTLINING THEIR PROGRESS ESTABLISHING THE PREREQUISITES FOR STATEHOOD FOR THE COUNTRIES INDEPENDENCE.

·         NOT SUPPOSED TO BE COLONIES, MORE OF A TUTORIAL ON HOW TO RUN A COUNTRY.

IRAQ AND TRANSJORDAN

·         A revolt broke out in Iraq in 1920

·         An initial treaty of alliance was drafted in October 1922 which imposed sort of limits on iraqs soverinty and precluded admission to the league of nations.

·         Treaty of 1930 terminated the mandate between Iraq and Britain.

·         Ini 1932 iraqs sovereignty was recognized at the league of nations. Britain retained base rights in Iraq, transit facilities for military, and preferential relations in diplomatic and military spheres.

·         Transjordan was only other arab state to negotiate its way out of a mandate.

·         Abdullah ruled over Transjordan. Tried to negotiate its way out of mandate in 1946 but US didn’t recognize the nation and denied entry into the UN. Not until 1948 when Transjordan and Britain signed treaty  that Transjordan gained American recognitionbut was not admitted to UN until 1955.

PALESTINE

·         Most difficult to dissolve mandate because of contradictions of balfour declaration.

·         Indigineous Palestinian arabs at a disadvantage because of new jewish home.

·         Jews worked in accordance with british and Palestinians  tried to force changes in british policy only though confrontation.

·         1936-39 armed Palestinian revolt against Britain

·         Britain drafted the white paper claiming to reduce jewish immigration and return the Palestine within a decade.

·         Jews refused to accept the white paper and between 1945-47 radical jewish groups engaged in terror campaigns against british authorities.

·         Britain defeated in 1947 and forwarded problem to UN for resolution.

·         The UN voted for partition of Palestine into jewish and arab areas setting off a war that raged though the spring of 1948.

·         When Britain withdrawals in may 14 the area exploded into the first arab-israeli war.

THE ARAB STATES AND PALESTINE CRISIS

·         After ww2  britain could not bear economically the burden of Palestine. Forwarded the problem to UN for resolution.

·         In November 1947 the UN divided Palestine into 2 states.

·         6 arab nations all opposed partition ( Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria all founding UN members, Iraq joined in December 1945, and yemen in 1947). These countries had no impact on the debate.

·         Arab countries were interlocked in feuds.

·         An arab army was brought into Israel, Israel declared statehood in may 1948, to establish order. 10000 soldiers from around the middle east were defeated by Israeli forces.

·          These countries were Egypt, Iraq, Syria,Lebanon, and transjorda. Command was given to king Abdullah but each country’s army operated independently with little coordination.